QRMSS Ch. 5 Focus Groups

Chapter 5 on focus groups begins with a definition from (Barbour, 2008), "the focus group is an interview style designed for small groups of unrelated individuals, formed by an investigator and led in a group discussion on some particular topic or topics." Focus groups can be used in combination with individual interviews as a validity check on findings, and can be triangulated into your research. It is recommended to have no more than 7 participants, as large groups can be difficult to manage, as well as keeping group time short (no more than an hour). In this setting, the moderator draws out information regarding the topic studied, and allows for observation of interaction and discussion between participants.

The rules or guidelines are systematic and procedural. We always begin with our consent form. An introduction of yourself (the moderator) and stating the goals and purpose of why this focus group is taking place. This can be followed by some introductory activities or ice breakers to get everyone involved comfortable. This is known as building rapport with participants or establishing a common ground. Before beginning with your prompt, remind the group to be respectful of each other, and that I (moderator), expect to hear from everybody. We as moderators may have our prompt or questionnaire (cheat sheet) to initiate the group. With preparation of prompt, be aware for all the things that could go wrong. Be careful with wording of questions as sensitive topics may trigger emotions or on the other hand, make a participant close up and not contribute. Understand the patterns you may be observing, and then tweak the questionnaire as needed.

Some problems that could be encountered in a focus group setting could include the following. Too few participants may not garner enough information. Questionnaire may be too vague and not elicit much response. An overly large group can be unruly or chaotic. Bullies may dominate the group, overshadowing others and not allowing for participants to respond. In the last two issues, it is up to the skill of the moderator (which takes time and practice to build moderating skill), to bring distracted group back into the topic of discussion.

Advantages of a focus group include the flexibility of the setting. You can gather a lot of information in a short amount of time. Focus groups can generate important insights. They also allow freedom to explore topics related to main topic. Be careful to remember that this is a single unit method of study.

To conclude, I will end with the "Basic Ingredients in Focus Groups" (Berg & Lune, 2001 pp182). These suggestions should be thoroughly considered and practiced in order to ensure a successful focus group session.

1) Clearly defined objective/research problem

2) Nature of the group

3) Atmosphere/environment and rapport

4) Aware listening facilitator

5) Well organized/prepared facilitator

6) Structure and direction but restrained contribution to discussion

7) Research assistance

8) Systematic analysis